DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ON ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF WRSTERN TV PROGRAMS OF THE DRESS SENSE OF NIGERIA UNIVERSITY STUDENT

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION
The information gotten in the course study is analyzed, presented and discussed in this chapter. Three hundred and forty questionnaire were distributed and returned completed. The questionnaires had two parts; the first part dealt with respondents’ profile, while the second part focused on the dress sense of students and preference for television programmes. The results from the questionnaire administered are presented in percentages.

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION
Table 1: Media Preferences
Q1: On which of the following media do you depend on for information and entertainment?

Response
Frequency
Percentage

Radio
60
18

Television
214
63

Newspaper
11
3

Internet
55
16

Total
340
100

From the table above, 214 respondents reported that the depended on television for information and entertainment than other media while 126 depended on other media for information and entertainment.
Table 2: Television viewing frequency
Degree
Frequency
Percentage

Very often
159
47

Often
82
24

Seldom
61
18

No comment
38
11

Total
340
100

Respondents who choose very often and often are high television viewers while those who fall within rows four (solution) are low television watchers. 71% of respondents are high television watchers while 18% are low television watchers.
Table 3: Link between dress sense and television programmes
Q3: Is there a link between the way you dress and the western television programmes you watch?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Yes
196
58

No
98
28

No comment
46
14

Total
340
100

The table above has shown that there is a link between the way University of Port Harcourt students dress and the television programmes they watch. From the responses, 196 (58%) respondents said there was a link between the way they dress and the television programmes they watch. 98 (28%) respondents said No; the television programmes did not affect their dress mode 46 respondents made no comment.
Table 4: Pressure to dress the way celebrities dress
Q4: Have you felt pressure to dress the way celebrities dress?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Yes
216
64

No
124
36

Total
340
100

64 percent of the respondents said they had felt pressure to dress the way celebrities dress, while 26 percent of the respondents said they had not felt pressure to dress the way celebrities dress.
Table: Frequency of shopping for trendy clothes
Q5: How often do you shop and by clothes that are trendy especially those you see on television?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Very often
209
61

Often
82
24

Rarely
37
11

No opinion
12
4

Total
340
100

From table 5, 209 students buy trendy clothes often, 82 buy often, 37 rarely buy and 12 students do not have any opinion.

Table 6: Noticeable changes in dress sense
Q6: Are there noticeable changes in your dress sense as a result of the television programmes you watch?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Yes
254
75

No
76
22

Uncertain
10
3

Total
340
100

From table 6, it is observed that 75 percent of students reported noticeable changes in their dress mode while 22 percent said No.
Table 7: Influence on a student’s choice of programme
Q7: Who/What influence the type of programme you watch on television?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Peers
85
25

Parents
38
11

Siblings
63
19

Content of programme
154
45

Total
340
100

25% of students agree that peer group affects their choice of television programmes. 30% agree that their families influence their choice of programmes, and 45% of students are influenced by the content of programme aired.

Table 8: Locally-made programme verse foreign-produced programmes.
Q8: Do you prefer locally-produced programme to foreign- made programmes?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Yes
152
48

No
188
52

Total
340
100

Table 8 shows that the University of Port Harcourt students expose themselves more to western television programs than locally-produced programmes.
Table 9: Why western television programmees?
Q9: Why do you prefer foreign-produced television programmes?
Response
Frequency
Percentage

Interesting/entertaining
95
28

High production quality
88
26

Educative
75
22

Something to discuss
82
24

Total
340
100

95 respondents (28%) say they prefer western television programme because they are interesting and entertaining, 88 respondents say western programmes have high production quality, 75 say these programmes are educative, while 82 respondents say that western television programmes give them something to discuss.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
Here, answers to questions raised in chapter one are provided.
Research question three: Is there a link between the way students dress and the television programmes they watch?
Table 3 answers this research question which intends to find out if there is any link between the programmes students watch and the way they dress. The responses of the respondents as shown in table 3 indicate that there is a link between the way students dress and the television programmes they watch. 196 students said there was a link between the way they dress and the programme they watch. 98 students said there was no link.
To support, table 5 shows also that students often buy clothes that are trendy especially those they see on television worn by celebrities. The table shows that more than 70% of the respondents shop and buy clothes that are trendy especially those worn by celebrities.
Research question four: What changes in dress sense are noticeable in the students as a result of what they see celebrities wear television?
The answer to this question is presented in table 6. The table shows that 75% of the respondents exhibit noticeable changes in their mode of dressing after being exposed to western television programmes. More than 20% of the respondents do not exhibit changes in their dress sense. This findings agree with Signorielli and Kahlenberg (2003) assertion that the media can affect the way men and women think, behave, act and even dress.
Research question two: What/who influences your choice of television programmes?
The answer to this question is presented in table 7. The table indicates that 25% are influenced by peer group 30% of the students are influenced by family members. 45% agree that they are influenced by the content of programme aired on television.
Research question One: What is the preference of students between local and western television programmes.
Table 8 and 9 answer this question. Table 8 shows that 52 percent of students prefer foreign-made programmes, and 48 percent prefer locally-produced television programmes. Respondents gave several reasons for their choice of western television programmes as shown in table 9. 28% of respondents say they prefer western television programmes because these programmes are interesting and entertaining. 26% say foreign-made programmes have a high production quality. Others say these programmes are educative and give them something to discuss with their friends.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis one
H1: There is a link between students’ dress sense and the television programmes they watch.
HO: There is no link between students’ dress sense and the television programmes they watch.
Hypothesis two
H1: Students prefer locally-made television programmes to foreign- made one.
HO: Students do not prefer locally-made television programmes to foreign-produced ones. 

Hypothesis one
Table 10: Link between students’ dress sense and television programlmes they watch.
Do things you see on western television programmes affect/influence the way you dress?
Agreement
O
E
O-E
(O-E)2
X2= (O-E)2
        E

Yes
196
113.3
82.7
6839.3
60.4

No
98
113.3
-15.3
234.1
2.1

No comment
46
113.3
-67.3
4529.3
40.0

Total
340
340
0.1
11602.7
102.5

 
Step 1 H1: There is a link between students’ dress sense and the television programme they watch.
HO: There is no link between students’ dress sense and the television programmes they watch.
Step2: The statistical test, X2= = 102.5
Step 3: The level of significance =0.05
Step4: The degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)
= (3-1) (2-1)
= 2(1)
= 2

Step 5: Critical value
With 0.05 level of significance and 2 degrees of freedom, the critical value is equal to 5.991.
Step 6: Comparing the test statistics (x2) with the critical value
X2> critical value i.e., 102.5>5.991 .
Step 7: Decision
Since the calculated chi-square value (102.5) is greater than the critical value (5.991), we accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which states that there is a link between students’ dress sense and the television programmes they watch. The acceptance of H1, is because the hypothesis received a statistical support. We therefore, reject Ho.
Hypothesis two
Table 11: Programmes preference
Q1: Do you prefer locally-produced television programmes to foreign-made programmes?
Agreement
O
E
O-E
(O-E)2
X2= (O-E)2
        E

Yes
152
170
-18
324
1.9

No
188
170
18
324
0.8

Total
340
340
0
648
2.7

Step 1 H1: Students prefer locally-made television programmes to foreign-produced ones.
HO: Students do not prefer locally-made programmes to foreign-produced ones.
Step 2: The statistical test, x2 =  X2=   = 2.7
Step 3: The level of significance = 0.05
Step 4: The degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)
= (2-1) (2-1)
= 1
Step 5: Critical value
With 0.05 level of significance and 1 degree of freedom, the critical value (see table 12) is 3.851.
Table 13: Critical values
Level of significance

Degree of freedom
0.5
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.001

1
0.455
2.706
3.841
5.412
6.635
10.827

2
1.386
4.605
5.991
7.824
9.210
13.815

3
2.366
6.251
7.815
9.837
11.345
16.268

4
3.357
7.779
9.488
11.668
13.277
18.465

5
4.351
9.236
11.070
13.388
15.086
20.517

Step 6: Comparing the statistical test, x2 with the critical value,
X2<3.841 i.e., 2.7 < 3.841.
Step 7: Decision
Since the calculated chi-square value (2.7) is less than the critical value (3.841), we reject the alternative hypothesis which states that students prefer locally-made programmes to foreign-produced ones, and accept the null hypothesis, HO, which states that students do not prefer locally-made television programmes to foreign –made ones.