RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA PRESENTATION ON NEWSPAPER READING HABIT OF THE YOUTHS IN OJI RIVER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will look at the methods
adopted in the gathering of data used for this research.
3.1 RESEARCH
DESIGN
The survey method was adopted during
the course of this study.
3.2 SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
This
study adopted the simple sampling technique.
3.3 RESEARCH
POPULATION
The population of the study was drawn
from students in Senior Secondary classes one, two, three and four in Oji River
Local Government Area of Enugu State. The Local Government has three private
Secondary Schools and one Government Secondary School namely: Saint Theresa,
Saint Micheal, Saint Paul and Urban Secondary Schools with estimated population
of three thousand nine hundred and eighty five (3,985) students.
3.4 RESEARCH
SAMPLE
150 copies of the questionnaire were
distributed to both youths and adults. 30 copies of the questionnaire were
given to fathers/mothers in Abalanyi, Ugwoba and Dodo, villages in Oji River
Local Government Area of Enugu State whereas 120 copies were given to youths.
3.5 RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
The instrument used for this research
was questionnaire. The questionnaire design included open ended questions. The questions
were concise, straight to the point and very easy to comprehend. The questions
were constructed in such a simple way to ensure a better understanding and a
clearer feedback.
3.6 METHOD
OF DATA COLLECTION
In this study, the data used in the
collection of information was a questionnaire developed by the researcher. This
was done by passing on questionnaires to aid in the precise analysis. The
questionnaires were distributed in places like schools; for the youths offices
and homes; for the adults, and when duly answered, same were retrieved from the
respondents for further analysis.
3.7 METHOD
OF DATA ANALYSIS
In the course of this research, the
simple percentage analysis was deployed. The data will be presented in tables
for further analysis.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
The data presented in this chapter are
those collected during the field work in Oji River Local Government Area of
Enugu State. A total of 150 copies of questionnaires were distributed,
retrieved and have now been used for analysis as depicted below:
Table 1:
|
Respondents
|
Numbers
of questionnaire
|
|
Adults
|
30
|
|
Youths
|
120
|
|
Total
|
150
|
Youths
questionnaire
Table 2: Sex
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Male
|
63
|
57.5%
|
|
Female
|
57
|
47.5%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Table 3: Age
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
15-20
|
48
|
40%
|
|
21-24
|
72
|
60%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Adult
questionnaire
Table 4: Sex
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Male
|
7
|
23.3%
|
|
Female
|
23
|
76.7%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Table 5: Age
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
25-30
|
0
|
0%
|
|
31-40
|
9
|
30%
|
|
41-above
|
21
|
70%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Table 6: How many children do you have
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
1 child
|
1
|
3.30%
|
|
2 children
|
3
|
10%
|
|
3 children
|
10
|
33.33%
|
|
4
children
|
7
|
23.33%
|
|
5
children
|
7
|
23.33%
|
|
6
children
|
2
|
6.66%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Research question 1
Do you prefer viewing of television
over newspaper reading or vice-versa?
To analyze this question, questions
from the youths and adults questionnaires were used. From the youth
questionnaire, questions 3, 4, 5 and 6 were used, and from adult questionnaire,
questions, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were used.
Youths
questionnaire
Question 3:
Do you have access to a television set in your home?
Table 7
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
120
|
100%
|
|
No
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Question 4:
If yes, how often do you watch it?
Table 8:
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Everyday
|
93
|
77.5%
|
|
Once a week
|
6
|
5%
|
|
Twice a week
|
21
|
17.5%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Question 5:
Do you have access to newspaper?
Table 9
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
27
|
22%
|
|
No
|
93
|
78%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Question No 6:
If yes, how often do you read it?
Table 10
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Everyday
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Once a week
|
6
|
22%
|
|
Once a month
|
21
|
78%
|
|
Total
|
27
|
100%
|
Adult questionnaire
Question 4:
Do your children have access to television set?
Table 11
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
30
|
100%
|
|
No
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Question
5: How often do your children watch or view television?
Table 12
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Everyday
|
27
|
84%
|
|
Once a week
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Weekends
|
3
|
16%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Question 6:
Do your children have access to newspaper?
Table 13
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
25
|
83.3%
|
|
No
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Question 7:
How often do they read newspaper?
Table 14
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Everyday
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Weekly
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Occasionally
|
25
|
100%
|
From the presentations above, the
researcher concluded that the youths of Oji River Local Government Area of
Enugu State prefer viewing of television over reading of newspaper. Also as
seen from the angle of the parents, although 83.3% of their children have access
to newspaper, they seldom read it, an indication that television viewing is
preferable to newspaper reading.
Research
question 2: Why do youths of Oji River prefer television viewing over newspaper
reading?
To analyze this research question,
questions 7, 8, 9 and 10 in youth questionnaire and 8 & 9 in adult
questionnaire were used.
Youth
questionnaire
Question 7:
Do you prefer television viewing to reading of newspaper?
Table 15
|
Responses
|
Number of
respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
118
|
93.3%
|
|
No
|
2
|
6.7%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Question 8: Why do you prefer television viewing
over newspaper reading?
Table 16
|
Responses
|
Number of
respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Television
is readily available at home
|
85
|
83%
|
|
Television
provides pictures and sounds
|
9
|
7%
|
|
Most
television programmes are entertaining
|
24
|
20%
|
|
Total
|
118
|
100%
|
Question 9:
Do you prefer newspaper reading to viewing of television?
Table
17
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
2
|
6.7%
|
|
No
|
118
|
93.3%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Question
10: Why do you prefer newspaper reading over viewing of television?
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
The contents of newspaper can be
revisited as often as one desired, whereas same cannot be said about
television programs
|
2
|
100%
|
|
Total
|
2
|
100%
|
Adult
questionnaire
Question 8:
Do children prefer television viewing to newspaper reading?
Table 19
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Yes
|
30
|
100%
|
|
No
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Question 9:
Why do you think they prefer television viewing to newspaper reading?
Table
20
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Television program is interesting and
fun
|
10
|
33.33%
|
|
Television is most available
|
14
|
46.73%
|
|
No idea
|
6
|
10%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Analysis of data above showed that
youths in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State prefer television
viewing over newspaper reading because television is always available at home
as oppose to newspaper that they may not even see, moreover there are no
conscious efforts on the parts of the parent to provide their children with
newspaper hence they turn to television.
Research
question 3: Do television viewing or newspaper reading impact positively or
negatively on the lives of the youths in Oji River LGA of Enugu State?
For clearer analysis of this research
question, questions 11 of youth and 10 of adults’ questionnaires were
considered.
Youth
questionnaire
Question 11:
What impact do immoral and violent television programs have on the youth of Oji
River?
Table 21
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Positive
|
24
|
20%
|
|
Negative
|
75
|
62.5%
|
|
No idea
|
21
|
17.5%
|
|
Total
|
120
|
100%
|
Adult
questionnaire
Question
10: Do you think violent and immoral television programs can affect the youth?
Table 22
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Strongly Agreed
|
25
|
83%
|
|
Agreed
|
3
|
10%
|
|
Not agreed
|
2
|
7%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
It was concluded from the data above
that television program could affect the youths negatively as 93% of adults and
82.5% of youths’ responses agreed with the researcher.
Research
question 4: What role should parents play with a view to shaping their children
outlook of the media (Television/Newspaper)?
Question
No. 11 in adult questionnaire was used to analyze the research questions.
Adult
questionnaire
Question 11:
In your personal opinion, how can parents assist their children in their views
of television viewing and newspaper reading?
Table 23
|
Responses
|
Number
of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
Parents must limit the time their
children spend watching television
|
15
|
50%
|
|
Parents should buy newspapers and
encourage the children to read as well
|
15
|
50%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Going
by the parents response as shown in table 23, It was concluded that the youths
of Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State prefer viewing television
over reading of newspaper, and that parents must make some conscious effort to
resurrect newspaper reading culture on the part of their children.
4.2 DISCUSSION
OF FINDINGS
Following a meticulous analysis of
data collected, as seen from both youths and adults angel, it was realized that
television viewing takes precedence over newspaper reading habit.
The finding revealed that although
83.3% of adults respondents agreed that their children have access to
newspaper, 93.3% of youths respondents prefer television viewing, only a
pitiable 6.7% of the youth respondents prefer newspaper reading over television
viewing.
The study further indicated that 77.5%
of youths respondents view television programs on a day to day basic, although
22% agreed having access to newspaper, 0% agreed reading it daily. This agrees
with Ibode and Isiugo-Abanihe (2011) in their study on redressing poor reading
culture among youths in Nigeria, they lament the concept of poor reading
culture, especially among youths in Nigeria. This is also in perfect harmony
with (http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu), in the view expressed in the webpage,
the language of reading is introduced very late in many homes; the first
contact point of some children with this language is in school. As children
grow older, reading and its associated activities become herculean to the
child. From the data analysis, it was again realized that youths opt for
television viewing as a result of its readily availability. 83.3% of the adults
and 83% of the youths align themselves with this observable fact. In accord
with (www.jstor.org/discover) a study tagged “Television watching, newspaper
reading, and Cohort Differences in verbal Ability”, it was also discovered that
an intercohort decline in vocabulary at all or most educational levels in the
United States in recent years was closely related to an intercohort decline in
newspaper reading. The decline in newspaper reading, in turn, may have resulted
largely from an increase in television watching… other types of reading
apparently declined in tandem with newspaper reading, and thus differences in
reading are the most promising explanation for differences in the verbal
ability of the various Cohorts.
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